Work Stress as a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

The purpose of the study was to explore the works and existing scientific information in the databases on work stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. The specific objectives were: to determine the approaches addressed by research on work stress and to analyze the main results achieved. The study was of a documentary type, with a bibliographic design, framed in a systematic review. The articles indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases were reviewed, considering the keywords and search limits: work stress, pandemic and COVID-19, published between 2020 and 2022;obtaining 161 articles. The inclusion criteria were applied: original articles, dealing with the subject, in English and with open access;leaving a sample of 22 publications, presented according to a PRISMA diagram. The main approaches addressed were: work stress, working life and remote work;work stress in health workers;work stress in agricultural workers;job stress in restaurant workers;work stress in teaching workers;work stress in prison workers and work stress, depression and anxiety. The results reveal that the workers who experienced the greatest work stress were those in the health sector, considering the latent risk of contagion for being the front-line personnel in care. Consequently, it was determined that the impact of resilience and social support can help minimize this condition.

Difficulties for distance university learning in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic

Most education systems around the world have switched to distance learning as a measure against the spread of COVID-19. This phenomenon is causing many difficulties, especially as expressed by students in the context of underdeveloped countries. This article tries to describe the difficulties for university distance learning in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic. Following a primarily qualitative research design, this study surveyed a deliberately and conveniently selected group of students who are currently enrolled in a university. The result of the content analysis revealed the following categories of difficulties in remote learning: unstable internet connectivity;inadequate learning resources;financial problems;power outages;vague learning content;overloaded teaching activities;limited scaffolding of teachers;poor communication with peers;poor learning environment;conflict with household responsibilities;compromised physical health;and mental health problems.

Use of Smartphones as a Learning Strategy in Undergra- Duate Students in Times of Health Crisis Due to Covid-19

The general objective was to determine the relationship between the use of smartphones and learning strate-gies in undergraduate students in times of health crisis due to covid-19. The specific objectives were: to deter-mine the relationship between the flexibility and mobility of smartphones and learning strategies;determine the relationship between smartphone portability and learning strategies;determine the relationship between the imme-diacy and connectivity of smartphones and learning stra-tegies;determine the relationship between the versatility of smartphones and learning strategies;determine the re-lationship between the ubiquity of smartphones and lear-ning strategies. The study had a quantitative approach, non-experimental design, correlational and cross-sectio-nal level. The population was 2,146 industrial engineering students from a private university in Lima, Peru. A sample of 337 students was taken. A questionnaire with 35 ques-tions related to the variables and dimensions was applied virtually, validated by the judgment of three experts, and its reliability was also calculated, resulting in alpha=0.82 for the use of smartphones and alpha=0.86 for learning strate-gies. The descriptive and inferential analysis of the data was carried out, confirming the existence of a significant relationship between both variables.

TEACHER PERFORMANCE AND THE USE OF ICTs DURING THE COVID-19 HEALTH EMERGENCY AT A PERUVIAN UNIVERSITY

The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between teacher performance and the use of ICTs during the Covid-19 health emergency at a Peruvian university. Methodologically, it was developed under a quantitative approach, basic, non-experimental design and correlational level. The sample consisted of 128 teachers from a private university loca-ted in Lima, Peru. Information was collected through the survey technique, while two Likert scale questionnaires related to each of the variables with 5 response options each were used as instruments. The descriptive findings show that 50% (64) of the teachers’ performance variable was at a medium level, and 43% (55) achieved a medium level for the ICT use variable. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between the teaching performance variable and the use of ICT during the Co-vid-19 health emergency in a Peruvian university. (p≤0.05), verified with a p-value of 0.000 and a Spearman’s Rho coefficient of 0.752, which implies that the association is direct and high. © 2022, University of Cienfuegos, Carlos Rafael Rodriguez. All rights reserved.

Additional hygiene and biosafety measures as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peruvian industry

The high risk of contagion and affectation by COVID-19 in industrial workers made it necessary to rethink the hygiene and biosafety protocols already established, with measures such as distancing from jobs, staggering entry and exit times, controls temperature, the supervised use of Individual Protection Elements (PPE's) and epidemiological surveillance on personnel, among others. In this research, the ERBioCov instrument is proposed and validated, which aims to assess the proportion in the implementation of new and traditional hygiene and biosafety protocols, which was applied in industries in Lima, Peru in two periods of 2020 and 2021. According to the values obtained, 80.5% of hygiene and biosafety measures are currently applied by the industries studied in Peru, in contrast to the 68.9% obtained in the initial months of the pandemic in 2020, difference for which a high statistical significance was verified (p=3,93E-06;t -5.887). Among them, the traditional measures had a greater increase in their application between both periods studied, reaching from 65.6% to 80.8% (p=0;t=-6.544) compared to the additional measures, which remained at the range of 78.4% and 79.6% in 2020 and 2021, respectively (p=0.7442;t=-0.326). Likewise, a high rate of prevention against biological risks was obtained, quantified in 28 measures applied in a range of 93% to 100% of the participating industries.

Influence of industrialization on environmental health: historical vision from the industrial revolution to the COVID-19 pandemic

Environmental pollution begins with the industrial era and increases after the Second World War with the rise of technology. In the 1970s, man began to become aware of the seriousness of this progressive and irreparable damage. Ecology and related sciences are developed and actions are implemented everywhere to manage or alleviate the damage. Pollution can directly alter the components of an ecosystem, water, air or soils, but it can also occur due to the presence of unusual physical or physicochemical phenomena, such as heat or ionizing radiation. Its effects are manifested mainly by damage to ecosystems and therefore damage to the health of human beings, animals, plants, land or water (Nebel, 1999;Clark, 2003). Today the ecological disasters of London, Donora, Minamata, Chernobyl, Bophal, the Persian Gulf, the Danube originating in Baia Mare or those of oil in the seas are well known (Baxter, 1991). In Peru, we know of the environmental damage of the City of Oroya, Lake Junin, the Choropampa spill, and urban contamination by lead dust from deposits of mineral concentrates in Callao. According to the Pan American Health Organization, there are 20,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the Amazon Basin (Martin, 2020). Gold miners and illegal loggers are exposing indigenous communities to considerable health risks, a situation that could have severe consequences given the poor response capacity of hospitals and health services in the region. Therefore, the spread of the virus in these communities could imply a tragedy that, in addition to the human losses, could, in turn, affect traditional knowledge and produce negative effects on the governance of the region. As a result, there could be even more deforestation in the future. Differential policies to serve ethnic populations in the region are an urgent need (Bermudez et al., 2020;Velez et al., 2020a). That is why this research set out to establish the Influence of industrialization on environmental health: Historical vision from the industrial revolution to the COVID19 pandemic.

REMOTE EDUCATION AND ACADEMIC STRESS IN PERUVIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN TIMES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The study was based on the evaluation of the correlation between remote education and academic stress in Peruvian university students in times of the covid-19 pandemic. The methodology used considered that the study according to its type was basic, with a quantitative approach, a correlational level and a non-experimental design. The universe of study was made up of 230 students of the administration career of a Peruvian university. A probabilistic sampling was carried out, considering that the size of the population was known, resulting in a sample of 144 students. The survey was used as a technique and the questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument, of which two were made, the first for the remote education variable, with 27 questions related to the variable and the second for the academic stress variable, adapted according to the SISCO Inventory, also with 27 questions. In both questionnaires, the questions had 5 response options according to a Likert-type scale. The descriptive analysis of the results was performed by calculating absolute and relative frequencies. The data were subjected to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to determine their normality. The inferential analysis was performed using the Spearman's Rho statistic.

Motivation and job satisfaction in employee performance in organizations in the city of Lima, Peru

Most organizations are actively competing to survive in troubled markets, especially today when the effects of COVID-19 have collapsed most businesses. Some of the essential tools for organizational success in the long and short term continue to be motivation and job satisfaction, given their close positive relationship with worker performance. In this context, one of the main tasks of management is the measurement of employee satisfaction and their performance in their positions, to try to align the employee's aspirations with the objectives of the organizations. The objective of this research is to measure the relationship between the variables motivation, job satisfaction, and the performance of employees in the position, during the Covid-19 pandemic, in the city of Lima, Peru. After reviewing the updated literature, and the application of three surveys to 460 employees and their supervisors from the public and private sectors of the city of Lima, Peru, within the framework of a correlational field research, it was found that motivation, job satisfaction and performance have a positive relationship;This positive relationship is present at moderate levels, possibly given the presence of multiple variables that could affect job performance due to the socioeconomic complexities of the Covid-19 pandemic

Employment in the informal economy: greater threat than the Covid-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic appears to unevenly harm those in informal employment, who are less frequently assisted by the government than those in formal employment. The purpose of this essay is to carry out a reflective analysis on employment in the informal economy in times of the pandemic caused by COVID 19. The methodology is based on a documentary research, in which various documentary sources such as articles published in magazines were taken into consideration scientific reports and reports from international organizations, in order to document the problem;Among the main authors for documentary development are Williams and Horodnic (2016a, 2016b), ILO (2014), ILO (2015) and Webb et al., (2020). The pandemic has important short- and long-term effects on informal employment and the informal economy. The COVID-19 pandemic could accelerate current trends and force new solutions to preserve basic job security while helping organizations remain competitive. Government policies that promote job security of income, movements toward employment formalization, and equity for informal employees are peculiarly significant. The results propose that governments should carefully consider clear support for those in informal jobs to create fair, resilient and ethical structures for workers, industries, economies and society in general. The conclusions are that the reengineering of the post-pandemic economy can lead to a reconsideration of widely used employment practices that tend to reduce the conditions of workers and the protection of health, in order to obtain a competitive advantage.

Distance learning and technological integration due to the Covid-19 pandemic in Peru

The objective of the present study was to examine the problems in particular with respect to the technologies used in the distance education process and the levels of adoption of distance education by teachers. The research was carried out under a descriptive quantitative approach, with a sample consisting of 572 teachers in Peru, in which an online Google Forms questionnaire was applied. The results reveal that teachers are at a level of improvement of the integration of technology and, therefore, they integrate technology as a transformation of learning.

The COVID-19 pandemic: Biological threat versus work and society

The Covid-19 officially declared a pandemic, since March 11, 2020, spreading in several countries around the world, at the same time affecting hundreds of thousands of people on all continents, causing a large number of deaths, to the date, continues to claim fatalities;However, although there are populations at higher risk (elderly, diabetics, hypertension, among others), at the same time, workers are exposed to a common source of transmission and many jobs that were previously considered relatively safe are now potentially dangerous. Therefore, many workers face threats of exposure to the virus, economic stress and job uncertainty coupled with fears of economic burden to meet the health contingency, get sick and die. A descriptive investigation of a cross-sectional cohort of virtual modality was proposed between the months of September 2020 to January 2021, to know the contextual factors: individual, unit and macro. In the former, economic stress and occupational risk factors that affect the behavior and attitudes of employees towards COVID-19, as well as their health. In the latter, organizational responses to ensure the safety and health of your workforce such as increased PPE and telecommuting. And finally, in the third group, the great variability in the promulgation of policies that affect the lives of almost all workers was evidenced. Finally, the questionnaire can be extrapolated to an institution with a view to a critical analysis in light of the standards of governments, regulators, and NGOs. © 2021 Instituto de Altos Estudios de Salud Publica. All rights reserved.

Epidemiological fight against the COVID-19 pandemic: Impact of social measures on IVS

The epidemiological fight against the COVID-19 pandemic has included social measures such as confinement and the closure of work and academic activities. As a consequence, tasks that were carried out in the face-to-face context had to be carried out from homes, adopting strategies such as teleworking and virtual education, requiring the use of tools such as computers and laptops. Hence, people have increased exposure to the screens of electronic devices, such as computers and laptops, resulting in effects on people's visual health such as computer vision syndrome (SVI). A cross-sectional study was carried out in order to determine the affectation by SVI in the Peruvian population and its relationship with prolonged exposure to DEV, generated as a result of social measures to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. The average time in which the subjects in our study used DEV within homes increased by 120%, that is, 4.26 ± 2.36 additional daily hours when compared to the year before the COVID-19 pandemic. The massive adoption of activities such as teleworking and virtual education could explain the fact that groups of employees / employers and students were the largest users of DEV, with 10.41 and 9.32 hours per day. According to the findings obtained, it is statistically valid to affirm that the social measures to face the COVID-19 pandemic induced an increase in the prevalence of SVI in the Peruvian population (p <0.001). In the current investigation, the proportion of individuals who manifested SVI went from 38 to 64%, before and during the application of the measures, respectively. © 2021 Instituto de Altos Estudios de Salud Publica. All rights reserved.